Therefore, our study aimed to assess the content of emissions for ECs with flavors (tobacco and menthol) that dominated the U.S. Cheng has stated that there is a “strong need for evaluation of products currently on the US market”, indicating that there is little information available for US products, especially regarding their flavor-based emission profiles. Many studies have analyzed chemicals in refill solutions and cartridges rather than in EC emissions and can only infer possible emission levels. However, current evidence on emission profiles is of limited use for risk assessment in the US population. Heavy metal (e.g., lead and nickel) concentrations in EC emissions were equal to or higher than concentrations in conventional cigarettes. VOCs (e.g., benzene classified as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure by EPA) and carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein) were at lower concentrations in EC emissions than in conventional cigarettes.
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Particle number concentration was found to be similar or higher in EC emissions than in conventional tobacco cigarette smoke. Wide ranges in the levels of chemical substances, such as nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, aldehydes, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, flavors, aerosol particles, and solvent carriers have been reported in various EC matrices, including refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emissions (reviewed in ). Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation was promulgated to regulate all tobacco products including ECs, and the sale of these products was banned to people under age 18 years ( ).Īlthough the FDA has not yet developed standards for testing or for acceptable emissions, current evidence on the emission from EC smoking raises health concerns. They are marketed as an alternative to conventional cigarettes. More comprehensive research on EC exposure extending to more brands and flavor compounds is warranted.Įlectronic cigarettes (referred to as ‘ECs’ hereafter) deliver nicotine with flavorings and other additives via inhalation without combustion. These findings are limited by the small number of ECs tested and the conditions of testing. We found that diluted machine-generated EC aerosols contain some pollutants. Higher mass and number concentrations of aerosol particles were generated from tobacco-flavored ECs than from menthol-flavored ECs. We found that EC aerosols contained toxic compounds including nicotine, fine and nanoparticles, carbonyls, and some toxic VOCs such as benzene and toluene. The selected toxic compounds were extracted from EC aerosols into a solid or liquid phase and analyzed with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Using a dilution chamber, we targeted nicotine concentrations similar to that of exposure in a general indoor environment. An automatic multiple smoking machine was used to generate EC aerosols under controlled conditions.
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We used ECs containing a common nicotine strength (1.8%) and the most popular flavors, tobacco and menthol. We aimed to assess the content of electronic cigarette (EC) emissions for five groups of potentially toxic compounds that are known to be present in tobacco smoke: nicotine, particles, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and trace elements by flavor and puffing time.